article 32 of bangladesh constitution

Safeguards as to arrest and detention : 34. Constitution Supremacy has been ensured in the Constitution of Bangladesh. Among the notable agreements Bangladesh is not a state party to include the following. Amendments First amendment. The League won 167 out 169 East Pakistani seats in the National Assembly of Pakistan and 288 out of 300 seats in the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly. Later, they were also booked on charges of sedition and sections of the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA). Article 2A declares that Islam is the state religion of the republic. The legislatures of British India included the Bengal Legislative Council and the Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council in the early 20th century. Sampath Kumar vs Union Of India case, it was observed that the Supreme Court’s powers under Article 32 formed part of the basic structure of the Constitution. rule-of-law-in-bangladesh. There have been legal challenges which question the accord's place in the unitary structure of the Bangladeshi state. “However ideally, we must first go to the high court.”. According to Article 70, MPs would lose their seat if they voted against their party. The Constitution of Bangladesh Article 153(1). (2) This Constitution is, as the solemn expression of the will of the people, the supreme law of the Republic, and if any other law is inconsistent with this Constitution that other law shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void. (1) Subject to law, pub lic o rd er an d m orality- (a) ev ery citizen has th e rig ht to profe ss, practice or propagate an y religion ; (b) ev ery religious co mm unity or denom ination has the righ t to establish, m aintain an d m anage its religious institutions. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has stated that Bangladesh will be governed in line with the spirit of the Constitution of Medina. Rights granted to citizens of Bangladesh only, these are 12 rights enumerated in Articles 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42 and 43. The Chief Martial Law Administrator issued a series of Proclamation Orders between 1975 and 1979 which amended the constitution. In 2017, Radio Sweden ran an investigative report which alleged torture and secret killings by the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB). THE CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH (As modified up to 17 May, 2004) CONTENTS: PREAMBLE: PART I: THE REPUBLIC: Article: 1. Twitter. As of 2018 the Constitution has been amended 17 times. The Government of India Act 1935 established provincial parliaments based on separate electorates. [16] Bangladesh can in theory be held liable for its performance in the fields of these treaties. 1986, rev. Also read: The 6 cases filed against Arnab Goswami & Republic TV in Maharashtra since 2018. A PIL can be filed by any person under Article 32, not solely for her or his personal gain or pecuniary benefit but for the public benefit at large. It commits Bangladesh to “contribute to international peace and co-operation in keeping with the progressive aspirations of mankind”. Referring to a 1987 judgment (P.N. Primary Sidebar. This made it impossible for parliament to have a free vote, including no-confidence motions to remove a prime minister. The territory of the Republic: 2A. Freedom of profession or occupation Article 32(2) in The Constitution Of India 1949 (2) The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the … The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh was adopted and enacted on 4 November 1972, after the victory of the independent country on 16 December 1971. 2- It entitles the Indian citizens to … We, the people of Bangladesh, having proclaimed our independence on the 26th day of March, 1971 and through a historic struggle for national liberation, established the independent, sovereign People's Republic of Bangladesh; Pledging that the high ideals of nationalism, socialism, democracy and secularism, which inspired our heroic people to dedicate themselves to, and our brave martyrs to sacrifice their lives in, the national liberation struggle, shall be the fundamental principles of the Constitution; Further pledging that it shall be a fundamental aim of the State to realise through the democratic process a socialist society, free from exploitation a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedom, equality and justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens; Affirming that it is our sacred duty to safeguard, protect and defend this Constitution and to maintain its supremacy as the embodiment of the will of the people of Bangladesh so that we may prosper in freedom and may make our full contribution towards international peace and co operation in keeping with the progressive aspirations of mankind; In our Constituent Assembly, this eighteenth day of Kartick, 1379 B.S., corresponding to the fourth day of November, 1972 A.D., do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution. The 44th Amendment also stated that according to Article 359, the president could issue orders suspending the right to move any court for the enforcement of fundamental rights, under Article 32, during a national emergency, with the exception of Article 20 ( deals with protection of certain rights in case of conviction for offences) and Article 21 (protection of life and personal liberty). It is invoked to seek relief in cases where a person has been unlawfully detained. The second reading took place from 31 October to 3 November. There have been brutal layoffs and pay-cuts. It is worthwhile to mention here that, Article 7(2) and 26 of the constitution of Bangladesh impose certain limitation on parliament in making laws. The right guaranteed by this Article ‘shall not be suspended … Article 32 can be suspended as all the fundamental rights except for articles 21 and 22 can be suspended during an emergency whereas article 226 cannot be suspended even during an emergency. In such cases, either the top court would take cognisance of the matter and proceed suo motu or hear a petition on behalf of an individual for public benefit. 57 I P a u e. pledge that the establishment of a society where fundamental human rights and freedoms were secured for all citizens was ‘a fundamental aim of the state’. Freedom of movement : 37. Faizan Mustafa, vice chancellor of the NALSAR University of Law in Hyderabad, told ThePrint, no fundamental right had any meaning without Article 32. Similarly, in a judgment in the S.P. At another separate meeting of legislators from East Bengal, it was decided by 106 votes to 35 that Bengal should not be partitioned and 107 votes to 34 that East Bengal should join the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan if Bengal was partitioned. Articles 7(2), 26, 44(1) & 102 are considered to indirectly support the system of judicial review.[18]. As of 2018[update], the Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh has been amended 17 times. Professor Anwar Hossain, a leading Bangladeshi historian, has called for the term “People's Republic of Bangladesh” to be changed to the “Republic of Bangladesh”. The 2013 Torture and Custodial Death (Prevention) Act was poorly enforced due to a lack of political will and awareness among law enforcement agencies. The ambit of Article 32 was further broadened when individuals not having any locus standi in cases were allowed to file PILs under it before the Supreme Court. This led to the court challenge of Federation of Pakistan v. Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan, in which the federal court supported the Governor General's decision, although Justice A. R. Cornelius expressed dissent. Source of Information. It is the very soul of the Constitution and the very heart of it.' [2], The 1940 Lahore Resolution, supported by the first Prime Minister of Bengal, asked the British government that "the North Western and Eastern Zones of (British) India should be grouped to constitute ‘independent states’". Amending the Constitution of Bangladesh is the process of making changes to the nation's fundamental law or supreme law. The Nehru Report recommended for universal suffrage, a bicameral legislature, a senate and a house of representatives. The Awami League enacted three constitutional amendments between 1973 and 1975. Bangladesh Code is the Codification of all existing Acts of Parliament, Ordinances and President’s Order (except Regulations and purely amending laws) in force in Bangladesh printed in chronological order. It declared “equality, human dignity and social justice” as the fundamental principles of the republic. Ltd. All rights reserved. Torture and other ill-treatment in custody was widespread; however, complaints were rarely investigated. Stay connected to all updated on article 32 of the constitution of india Article-32 [ Constitutional Remedy , Writs - Fundamental Rights ] By - Aakash Singh 0-Thursday, October 29, 2020. The government is yet to fully implement the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord. Prohibition: The writ of prohibition is to stop a lower court from going ahead with certain proceedings to ensure that it does not exceed its jurisdiction. The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh is the constitutional document of Bangladesh. All citizens are equal before law and are entitled to equal protection of law. Article 111 of the constitution proclaims the doctrine of binding judicial precedent. (intro txt) - A. Jackson, et al-PDF. On 11 August 1947, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the president of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, declared that religious minorities would enjoy full freedom of religion in the emergent new state. It affirms the right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred in … [13] Article 41 subjects religious freedom to public order, law and morality; it gives every citizen the right to profess, practice or propagate any religion; every religious community or denomination the right to establish, maintain and manage its religious institutions; and states that no person attending any educational institution shall be required to receive religious instruction, or to take part in or to attend any religious ceremony or worship, if that instruction, ceremony or worship relates to a religion other than his own. The chief ministers' offices were abolished; and parliament and provincial assemblies were delegated to a mainly advisory role. Right to protection of law. Its first reading began on 19 October and continued till 30 October. 57 I P a u e. pledge that the establishment of a society where fundamental human rights and freedoms were secured for all citizens was ‘a fundamental aim of the state’. Binding effect of Supreme Court judgments", "Constitutional Basis for Judicial Review in Bangladesh", "Bangladesh: a secular State with a State religion? In case of any breach in this respect, such constitutional obligations can be enforced … The Constitution of Pakistan of 1956 was adopted by a second constituent assembly elected in 1955. [14] Governments have generally supported and respected religious freedom.[15]. Get Latest News, Breaking News about article 32 of the constitution of india. The Republic : 2. Passed on 15 July 1973, the first amendment was made to the Article 47 of the constitution. [23] The law has also been argued to be against the spirit of the constitution. Dr. Kamal Hossain, who is described as the “father of the Bangladeshi constitution”, has been an ardent supporter of reforming the document to reflect the values of the 21st century. constituteproject.orgPDF generated: 25 Nov 2019, 19:42. The current Bangladesh Parliament contains 350 seats; 300 Members are elected by direct polls in their respective constituencies Whoever wins the most votes, regardless of turnout or proportion, wins the election. The State language: 4. Bangladesh Constitution-Bangla.PDF. [25] Hossain has blamed amendments during military rule for eroding the constitution's principles. Discrimination on grounds of religion, etc. The system was dubbed "Basic Democracy". The State religion: 3. National anthem, flag and emblem: 5. The British slowly granted concessions for home rule. Lieutenant General Ziaur Rahman is credited for many of these Proclamation Orders. WhatsApp. Also read: All about La Niña, reason why India could have a colder winter than usual this year, Subscribe to our channels on YouTube & Telegram, Why news media is in crisis & How you can fix it. In 1965, Fatima Jinnah's failed bid for the presidency prompted allegations of a rigged electoral system. Article 31. It allows an individual to approach the Supreme Court if she or he believes that her or his fundamental rights have been violated or they need to be enforced. Article 34 of the Constitution adopted in 1972, and amended in 2014, includes the following provisions on violence against women: (1) All forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. There can be cited thousands of examples of the deteriorated image of rule of law currently occurring in Bangladesh. The Republic : 2. The Supreme Court had then observed that it was the court’s duty, under Article 32, to protect the right to freedom of speech and expression. The British Empire did not grant universal suffrage and democratic institutions to its colonies. Bangladesh Code is the Codification of all existing Acts of Parliament, Ordinances and President’s Order (except Regulations and purely amending laws) in force in Bangladesh printed in chronological order. Briefly discussion Article basis starting from Fundamental rights in Bangladesh constitution. During the 1975 Emergency, a five-judge bench of the Supreme Court, in the ADM Jabalpur vs Shivakant Shukla case, had ruled that the right to constitutional remedies under Article 32 would remain suspended during a national emergency. It also said that an emergency could only be proclaimed after a prime minister and her/his cabinet gave a written advice to the president. As of 2017, Bangladesh is a state party to the following international treaties concerning human rights. Article 32(2) in The Constitution Of India 1949 (2) The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the … Articles 26 and 27– Whether the disqualifi­cation clause in section 7(2)(g) of UP Ordinance, 1983 offends the equality clause in Article 27 of the Constitution of Bangladesh. The uprising was followed by parliamentary elections in 1991. Google+. The supremacy of the Constitution; Democracy; Republican government. The Constitution came into effect on 16 December 1972. The first Pakistani constitution was in place for only a few years. The Basic structures of Bangladesh Constitution are: Sovereignty belongs to the people. In article 96, of the Bangladesh Constitution, this includes provisions on the tenure of office of the Supreme Court judges, now states: Subject to the other provisions of this article, a Judge shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty-seven years. 27. After the Janata Party won the 1977 general elections, it passed the 44th Amendment to “restore the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency”. According to these Articles, no law which is inconsistent with any provision of the constitution can be enacted. But Rs 3 lakh if she marries a priest. All list of Amendment of Bangladesh constitution; Bangladesh Police Sub Inspector (SI) - Recruitment 2019; Bangladesh Bar Council Enrollment Result Published |… Bangladesh Bar Council Enrollment Written… Update: Bangladesh Bar Council Enrollment Written… Filed Under: Download. Experts have described the amendment as instituting prime ministerial dictatorship. Article 31. (Art. Article 32 and PILs under it The ambit of Article 32 was further broadened when individuals not having any locus standi in cases were allowed to file PILs under it before the Supreme Court. It proclaimed fundamental human rights, including freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of movement, freedom of assembly, the right to education and public healthcare among others. Article 32 of the Indian Constitution gives the right to individuals to move to the Supreme Court to seek justice when they feel that their right has been ‘unduly deprived’. Human rights have accordingly been incorporated into the Constitution in different chapters. Kumar vs Municipal Corporation Of Delhi), Mustafa also said one should come to the top court only sparingly. There are two references to Islam to in the introduction and Part I of the constitution. The government received strong criticism from the Bangladeshi press, including both Bengali and English newspapers. It declared nationalism, socialism, democracy and secularism as the fundamental principles of the republic. One criticism of the document stems from the fact that it was drafted by a constituent assembly dominated by the left-wing Awami League and lacked representation from most other political groups. Article 32 under Part III of the Indian Constitution allows all the Indian citizens to move to Supreme Court in case of violation of Fundamental Rights. It was decided by 120 votes to 90 that, if Bengal remained united, it should join the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. The best of journalism is shrinking, yielding to crude prime-time spectacle. Under Article 32 the Supreme Court have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari. It provides the framework of the Bangladeshi republic with a parliamentary government, fundamental human rights and freedoms, an independent judiciary, democratic local government and a national bureaucracy. It was adopted on 4 November 1972 and effective from 16 December 1972. After winning the 1973 general election, the Awami League government often flouted constitutional rules and principles. An executive presidency continued until 1982. 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(2) This Constitution is, as the solemn expression of the will of the people, the supreme law of the Republic, and if any other law is inconsistent with this Constitution that other law shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void. The police had initially arrested Kappan, along with three others, under Section 151 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) on the suspicion that they may commit some cognisable offence. 7) Article 34 of the Constitution adopted in 1972, and amended in 2014, includes the following provisions on violence against women: (1) All forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. Constitutional rule was suspended on 15 August 1975 with the assassination of President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the declaration of martial law. Someone can seek justice through the five types of writs as provided by Article 32 of the Constitution. Citizenship: 7. 2. A two thirds vote of parliament was required to amend the constitution. • Right to Constitutional Remedy is also provided in the constitution under article 32. As you might know Fundamental Rights are mentioned in Indian Constitution from Article 12 to Article 36 to provide basic rights to Citizen of India. Despite constitutional guarantees of fundamental human rights, Bangladesh's government and security forces are accused of many human rights abuses. After the war, the Constitution Drafting Committee was formed in 1972. In 2010, the Supreme Court of Bangladesh ruled that the Fifth Amendment of 1979 went against the constitutional spirit of the country and hence invalidated its removal of clauses related to secularism. Freedom of reli gion . Also read: How will RCEP benefit member nations and what does India’s exit from the trade pact mean. Republic TV Editor-in-Chief Arnab Goswami had in May sought quashing of multiple FIRs against him on a petition filed under Article 32. 1. The Republic shall be a democracy in which fundamental human rights and freedoms and respect for the dignity and worth of the human person shall be guaranteed and in which effective participation by the people through their elected representatives. ThePrint looks at what Article 32 of the Indian Constitution is and various amendments to it. ‘Heart and soul of Constitution’ Article 32 falls under Part III of the Constitution that includes the fundamental rights of individuals. The Thirteen Amendment in 1996 introduced the Caretaker government of Bangladesh. Habeas corpus: Considered to be among the most important writs for personal liberty, habeas corpus literally means to ‘produce the body‘. [23] The law can be argued to be in violation of Article 39 of the constitution. But the reality is that the state of rule of law in Bangladesh is unquestionable terrible. (3) Nothing in this article shall apply to any amendment of this Constitution made under article 142]. The Constitution of Bangladesh is the highest ruling of Bangladesh. It allows an individual to approach the Supreme Court if she or he believes that her or his fundamental rights have been violated or they need to be enforced. more "presidential") government. Supremacy of the Constitution: PART II FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF STATE … It allows an individual to approach the Supreme Court if she or he believes that her or his fundamental rights have been violated or they need to be enforced. Article 32 is not to be invoked for infringement of a personal right of contract, nor is to be invoked for agitating questions which are capable of disposal under special enactments. 1 Article 1 Kingdom of Bhutan 1. Quo warranto: This writ is issued to prevent people from assuming positions in public office when she or he is not entitled to it. Articles 26 and 27– Whether the disqualifi­cation clause in section 7(2)(g) of UP Ordinance, 1983 offends the equality clause in Article 27 of the Constitution of Bangladesh. It is also the constitutional obligation of the Government to ensure that the rights of the people, envisaged in under Art.18 and Art.32 of the Constitution are vindicated and defended. Constitution of Bangladesh. Article 32 of Constitution of India gives the right to move the Supreme Court of India by appropriate proceedings for enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III of the Constitution of India. Update: Bangladesh Bar Council Enrollment Written Exam on 19-12-2020; All list of Amendment of Bangladesh constitution; 40th BCS Preliminary Question Solution 2019 | Bangladesh Public Service Commission; Bangladesh Police Sub Inspector (SI) – Recruitment 2019 A Westminster style political system was established. [8] Larma argued that labeling all citizens as Bengali discriminated against non-Bengali communities, including his own Chakma ethnic group. The amendment had introduced the provision of impeaching judges in parliament. But the reality is that the state of rule of law in Bangladesh is unquestionable terrible. Individuals can file habeas corpus petitions if they believe they have been wrongfully imprisoned. Dr B.R. “Article 32 is an important and integral part of the basic structure of the Constitution. Protection of right to life and personal liberty : 33. Thus the court declared the 8 th Amendment ultra … Judicial precedent is enshrined in Bangladesh's constitution under Article 111, which makes Bangladesh an integral part of the common law world. People were unable to seek recourse to enforcement of their fundamental rights. Bhutan is a Sovereign Kingdom and the Sovereign power belongs to the people of Bhutan. The Six Points of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman demanded parliamentary democracy. The right guaranteed by this Article “shall not be suspended except as otherwise provided for by this Constitution”. Fundamental of Research Methodology and Statistics - … According to Amnesty International, the government of Bangladesh has sought to trample its citizens' right to free speech on the internet through the Information and Communications Technology Act. The territorial jurisdiction of article 32 is much wider than that of article … The 1962 constitution introduced a presidential system in which electoral colleges would be responsible for electing the president and governors. Sociological Theory BY George Ritzer (Premium Book) Security Manager Guide-Video Surveillance.PDF . Bangladesh 1972 (reinst. It is not an unwritten constitution or a set of constitutional statutes, as in Britain, Israel, Canada, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia and Sweden. [7], Section 8 of the Indian Independence Act 1947 provided that the Government of India Act, 1935 with certain amendments and adaptations would be the working constitution of the Dominion of Pakistan during the transitional period. It amended Articles 48, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 70, 72, 109, 119, 124, 141A and 142. Freedom of thought and conscience, and of speech : 40. Computer Fundamentals-P.K Sinha(BOOK) Basic Economics, A Common Sense Guide to the Economy.PDF. A PIL can be filed by any person under Article 32, not solely for her or his personal gain or pecuniary benefit but for the public benefit at large. (1) The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed. Get Latest News, Breaking News about article 32 of the constitution of india. Certiorari: A superior court issues a certiorari writ for re-examination of an action or decision by a lower court. The Supreme Court gave the verdict in the case of Bangladesh Italian Marble Works Ltd. v. Government of Bangladesh. In 1990, a pro-democracy uprising ousted President Ershad. The capital: 6. The constitution includes references to socialism, secular democracy and the Bengali nationalism. The advent of British rule in the 18th century displaced the centuries of governance developed by South Asian empires. The Twelfth Amendment passed by the fifth parliament is the most influential constitutional amendment in Bangladesh. The committee included 34 members with Dr. Kamal Hossain as its chairman.[2]. As you might know Fundamental Rights are mentioned in Indian Constitution from Article 12 to Article 36 to provide basic rights to Citizen of India. National anthem, flag and emblem: 5. The rights guaranteed under Article 32 cannot be suspended unless provided for by the Constitution. b. [2], Martial law was again imposed in the 1982 Bangladesh coup d'état. 28. The League has governed Bangladesh for 18 years in its 45-year history as of 2017. The Constitution Bill was introduced in the Assembly on 12 October. An interesting argument advanced, in this case, has been noted by Y.V. In this Session, we will discuss Important Questions on Article 32 of Indian Constitution and Its Similarity with Article 226. 7) The Fifth Amendment in 1979 validated all Proclamation Orders of the martial law authorities. Article (7) provides Independence of Judiciary: The constitution of that, this constitution is as the solemn expression 1972 ensured the independence of Judiciary. Article 32 falls under Part III of the Constitution that includes the fundamental rights of individuals. Pinterest. Physics Book by Mohammad Jafar Iqbal. The constitution has several controversial elements like Article 70. 0 . [26], A. T. M. Shamsul Huda, a former Chief Election Commissioner, has called for a constitutional amendment to ensure "checks and balances" and the separation of powers.[27]. Local government was made more democratic. 2011) Page 9 • Source of constitutional authority Preamble • Preamble We, the people of Bangladesh, having proclaimed our independence on the 26th day of March, 1971 and through a historic struggle for national liberation, established the independent, sovereign People's Republic of Bangladesh; Constitution of Bangladesh, 1972 . These activities of Bangladeshi security forces contravenes Article 32 of the constitution which concerns the right to life and personal liberty. Freedom of association : 39. The Eighth Amendment in 1988 declared Islam as the state religion and initiated limited devolution of the judiciary.[2]. Get Notified About Our New Posts ! For another example, Article 7 and 26 of Bangladesh constitution exercise authority over Article 142 (even though it says in spite of anything contained in this Constitution, because many other articles employ such phrase too and if there is a disagreement, you know who has the precise to clarify). The State language: 4. 32. The capital: 6. Page one of the original copy of the Bangladeshi Constitution, Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council, Federation of Pakistan v. Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan, Committee for Civil Liberties and Legal Aid, Bangladesh Italian Marble Works Ltd. v. Government of Bangladesh, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, Convention on the Political Rights of Women, Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Amendments to the Constitution of Bangladesh, "Constitutional Development - Banglapedia", "Mr. Jinnah's address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan", "Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh", "Country to be run as per Madinah Charter: PM", "Freedom of Religion: religious minority in Bangladesh - The Daily Star, Bangladesh", https://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/Child_Rights_Convention.pdf, "111. 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